Retirement patterns of couples in Europe

IZA Journal of European Labor Studies

Table 3 Bivariate probit estimates

Probability of leaving the labor force	Men		Women
(By participation rates gap)	Group 1	Group 2	Group 1	Group 2
Partner leaving the labor force	0.012	-0.119	0.277***	0.107
	(0.085)	(0.134)	(0.048)	(0.175)
Age >early	0.032	0.066*	-0.015	-0.040
	(0.028)	(0.037)	(0.026)	(0.042)
Age >full	0.150***	0.208***	0.094**	0.157**
	(0.046)	(0.054)	(0.038)	(0.065)
Age	0.046***	0.043***	0.029***	0.038***
	(0.006)	(0.008)	(0.006)	(0.012)
Age difference <0	0.025	0.089	0.073**	0.051
	(0.046)	(0.084)	(0.031)	(0.089)
0 ≤Age difference <1	0.078**	0.053	0.011	0.143*
	(0.035)	(0.088)	(0.029)	(0.077)
1 ≤Age difference <2	0.036	0.119*	0.049*	0.086
	(0.034)	(0.064)	(0.027)	(0.055)
2 ≤Age difference <4	0.041	0.047	-0.003	0.019
	(0.026)	(0.044)	(0.026)	(0.050)
High education	-0.056**	-0.031	0.013	-0.009
	(0.028)	(0.037)	(0.024)	(0.040)
Medium education	0.017	-0.014	0.066***	-0.045
	(0.024)	(0.029)	(0.021)	(0.029)
Partner high education	-0.071***	0.018	0.075***	-0.049
	(0.025)	(0.039)	(0.025)	(0.037)
Partner medium education	-0.038	-0.004	0.041**	-0.012
	(0.025)	(0.029)	(0.021)	(0.030)
Having children	-0.024	-0.047	-0.015	0.072
	(0.046)	(0.045)	(0.044)	(0.047)
Having grandchildren	0.068***	0.093***	-0.008	0.079**
	(0.019)	(0.031)	(0.018)	(0.033)
Bad health in previous wave	0.010	0.029	0.096***	0.024
	(0.027)	(0.036)	(0.021)	(0.038)
Partner bad health in previous wave	-0.037	0.086***	0.045*	0.005
	(0.030)	(0.032)	(0.023)	(0.038)
Log-likelihood	-1632.39	-847.63	-1619.35	-847.11
ρ	0.370	0.643	-0.410	0.116
	(0.195)	(0.279)	(0.173)	(0.443)
LR test of ρ=0	2.97	2.57	4.35	0.07
	[0.08]	[0.11]	[0.04]	[0.79]
N. obs	2,040	1,018	2,040	1,018

Notes: Group 1 includes Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Poland, and Sweden. Group 2 Austria, Czechia, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Spain, or Switzerland. Age difference as husband age minus wife age. All specifications include country and wave dummies. Delta- method standard errors clustered at the individual level in parentheses. Significant at *10%, ** 5%, and *** 1%. ρ=corr(u_h, ε_h). p-values in squared brackets.