Employment, late-life work, retirement, and well-being in Europe and the United States

Nikolova, Milena; Graham, Carol

doi:10.1186/2193-9012-3-5

IZA Journal of European Labor Studies

Table 10 Retirement vs. late-life work, average treatment effect using propensity score matching

From: Employment, late-life work, retirement, and well-being in Europe and the United States

Control group: voluntary part-time workers
	N	N	Average outcome	Average outcome	ATT	S.E.	t-stat
Outcome	Treatment	Control	Treatment	Control
BPL	139	139	6.525	6.835	-0.309	0.266	-1.160
Experienced happiness yesterday	137	137	0.686	0.839	-0.153	0.051	-3.020
Smiled a lot yesterday	135	135	0.748	0.867	-0.119	0.048	-2.490
Experienced stress yesterday	140	140	0.243	0.250	-0.007	0.052	-0.140
Experienced anger yesterday	140	140	0.150	0.093	0.057	0.039	1.460
Satisfied with personal health	140	140	0.686	0.850	-0.164	0.050	-3.310
Satisfied with freedom	115	115	0.783	0.826	-0.043	0.052	-0.830
Control group: full-time employees
	N	N	Average outcome	Average outcome	ATT	S.E.	t-stat
Outcome	Treatment	Control	Treatment	Control
BPL	226	226	5.987	6.394	-0.407	0.191	-2.130
Experienced happiness yesterday	228	228	0.689	0.789	-0.101	0.041	-2.460
Smiled a Lot yesterday	224	224	0.714	0.795	-0.080	0.041	-1.980
Experienced stress yesterday	229	229	0.314	0.371	-0.057	0.044	-1.280
Experienced anger yesterday	228	228	0.184	0.193	-0.009	0.037	-0.240
Satisfied with personal health	230	230	0.622	0.813	-0.191	0.041	-4.650
Satisfied with freedom	209	209	0.737	0.751	-0.014	0.043	-0.340
Control group: self-employed
	N	N	Average outcome	Average outcome	ATT	S.E.	t-stat
Outcome	Treatment	Control	Treatment	Control
BPL	112	112	5.616	5.973	-0.357	0.303	-1.180
Experienced happiness yesterday	111	111	0.676	0.712	-0.036	0.062	-0.580
Smiled a lot yesterday	111	111	0.730	0.667	0.063	0.062	1.020
Experienced stress yesterday	110	110	0.291	0.345	-0.055	0.063	-0.870
Experienced anger yesterday	111	111	0.153	0.189	-0.036	0.051	-0.710
Satisfied with personal health	112	112	0.714	0.804	-0.089	0.057	-1.560
Satisfied with freedom	101	101	0.693	0.624	0.069	0.067	1.040
Control group: involuntary part-time workers
	N	N	Average outcome	Average outcome	ATT	S.E.	t-stat
Outcome	Treatment	Control	Treatment	Control
BPL	62	62	6.806	6.226	0.581	0.440	1.320
Experienced happiness yesterday	61	61	0.836	0.869	-0.033	0.065	-0.510
Smiled a lot yesterday	61	61	0.803	0.738	0.066	0.077	0.860
Experienced stress yesterday	62	62	0.274	0.403	-0.129	0.085	-1.520
Experienced anger yesterday	62	62	0.145	0.210	-0.065	0.069	-0.940
Satisfied with personal health	61	61	0.705	0.902	-0.197	0.070	-2.800
Satisfied with freedom	53	53	0.698	0.755	-0.057	0.087	-0.650

Source: Gallup World Poll, 2010-2011.
Notes: Summary of results from caliper propensity score matching. The treatment group is the group of retirees. The control group is the voluntary part-time workers in the top panel, followed by the full-time employees, the self-employed, and the part-time workers in the bottom panel. The number of observations refers to observations in the treatment and control groups in the common support area. Covariates used for matching (and satisfying the balancing property) are: age, gender, whether the respondent is married, an interaction term for marriage and gender, whether the respondent has at least high school education, whether religion is important in the respondent's life, country, and year.

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