From: Why is there a gender earnings gap in self-employment? A decomposition analysis with German data
dependent variable: logarithm of gross monthly earnings | Self-employed | Paid employees | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
male | female | male | female | |
Formal education (reference: no vocational degree) | ||||
No vocational degree & FHR/Abitur (dummy) | −0.163 (0.178) | −0.163 (0.279) | 0.029 (0.044) | −0.083** (0.041) |
Vocational training (dummy) | 0.047 (0.145) | −0.022 (0.209) | 0.166*** (0.023) | 0.049** (0.023) |
Vocational training & FHR/Abitur (dummy) | −0.061 (0.156) | 0.143 (0.231) | 0.201*** (0.028) | 0.111*** (0.026) |
Vocational college (“Fachschule”) (dummy) | −0.016 (0.150) | 0.174 (0.239) | 0.207*** (0.027) | 0.116*** (0.032) |
University or university of applied science (dummy) | 0.067 (0.151) | 0.227 (0.223) | 0.371*** (0.027) | 0.203*** (0.026) |
Working experience (in years) | 0.012 (0.008) | 0.002 (0.015) | 0.027*** (0.002) | 0.021*** (0.002) |
Working experience squared | −0.0002 (0.0001) | 0.0001 (0.0003) | −0.0004*** (0.00004) | −0.0003*** (0.00004) |
Working intermissions (in years) | −0.048** (0.020) | −0.012 (0.016) | −0.023*** (0.004) | −0.017*** (0.003) |
Working intermissions squared | 0.001 (0.002) | −0.0001 (0.001) | 0.001*** (0.0002) | 0.0004*** (0.0001) |
Tenure at current job (in years) | 0.028*** (0.007) | 0.041*** (0.012) | 0.016*** (0.002) | 0.018*** (0.002) |
Tenure at current job squared | −0.0005** (0.0002) | −0.001* (0.0004) | −0.0004*** (0.0001) | −0.0004*** (0.0001) |
Number of changes of profession | −0.027** (0.010) | −0.022 (0.023) | −0.009*** (0.003) | −0.013*** (0.003) |
Working hours per week (in logarithms) | 0.501*** (0.068) | 0.777*** (0.090) | 0.840*** (0.027) | 0.949*** (0.015) |
Working time flexibility (reference: never) | ||||
Sometimes (dummy) | −0.006 (0.080) | 0.337** (0.159) | 0.042** (0.018) | 0.066*** (0.020) |
Often (dummy) | 0.013 (0.082) | 0.414*** (0.157) | 0.069*** (0.018) | 0.074*** (0.020) |
Family background (reference: single and no young children) | ||||
Life partner (dummy) | 0.110** (0.050) | −0.146* (0.081) | 0.054*** (0.009) | −0.004 (0.009) |
Young children (dummy) | 0.770* (0.462) | −0.821* (0.461) | 0.074 (0.092) | 0.030 (0.032) |
Life partner and young children (interaction effect) | −0.702 (0.468) | 0.943** (0.476) | −0.034 (0.092) | −0.029 (0.035) |
High career aspirations (dummy) | 0.043 (0.042) | 0.018 (0.080) | −0.010 (0.009) | −0.014 (0.009) |
Professional field (54 dummies) | Yes*** | Yes*** | Yes*** | Yes*** |
Tasks occurring at work (17 dummies) | Yes*** | Yes*** | Yes*** | Yes*** |
firm size (reference: 5–9 employees) | ||||
1 employee (dummy) | −0.071 (0.063) | −0.091 (0.143) | 0.136* (0.075) | −0.135* (0.083) |
2 employees (dummy) | −0.094 (0.075) | 0.027 (0.161) | −0.027 (0.055) | −0.087* (0.050) |
3-4 employees (dummy) | −0.041 (0.071) | 0.144 (0.154) | 0.033 (0.032) | −0.028 (0.023) |
10-19 employees (dummy) | 0.071 (0.089) | 0.046 (0.175) | 0.053** (0.022) | 0.048*** (0.018) |
20-49 employees (dummy) | 0.206* (0.116) | −0.061 (0.234) | 0.107*** (0.021) | 0.081*** (0.017) |
50-99 employees (dummy) | 0.139 (0.201) | −0.495* (0.261) | 0.111*** (0.023) | 0.110*** (0.018) |
100 employees and more (dummy) | 0.360* (0.195) | −0.259 (0.279) | 0.212*** (0.020) | 0.190*** (0.016) |
Constant | 5.261*** (0.351) | 3.081*** (0.598) | 3.697*** (0.113) | 3.258*** (0.093) |
Number of observations | 974 | 497 | 7,094 | 6,887 |
R2 | 0.45 | 0.56 | 0.62 | 0.74 |