Never give up? The persistence of welfare participation in Sweden

IZA Journal of European Labor Studies

Table 2 Estimation results of welfare participation by Swedish-born, 1990-1999

	Initial condition		Participation equation
	PE	SE	PE	SE	ME¹¹
Age/100	-0.599	0.391	-1.103^*	0.211	-0.048
Educational level (CG: Primary school)
Secondary school	-0.383^*	0.062	-0.262^*	0.035	-0.012
Post Secondary school	-0.867^*	0.123	-0.741^*	0.058	-0.032
City region	0.027	0.081	-0.056	0.043	-0.003
Married/Cohabitant	-0.638^*	0.069	-0.436^*	0.031	-0.020
Children < 4 years	0.348^*	0.072	0.128^*	0.034	0.006
Unemployed	0.723^*	0.077	0.401^*	0.028	0.023
Municipal rate of SA-participation/10	0.961^*	0.289	0.839^*	0.109	0.033
Social assistance (SA) norm/10K	0.164	0.174	0.258^*	0.047	0.012
Average municipal duration of SA /10	-0.268	0.218	-0.384^*	0.086	-0.023
Structural state dependence (40 draws)			0.897^*	0.072	0.041
Structural state dependence (100 draws)			0.872^*	0.068
Fixed time effects		YES
		Alternative error schemes
	General error structure	First order Markov		Component of variance
Log likelihood	-6627.42	-6938.76		-6675.43
LR-test		622.68*		95.96*

Note 1: n=82,050; the critical value at 45 degrees of freedom is 61.65.
Note 2: PE = Parameter estimates; SE = Standard errors; ME = Marginal effects. * indicates significance at the 5% level. LR-test refers to a log likelihood ratio test comparing alternative specifications where the main specification works as base. Note 2 holds for all other tables in the paper that contain the explained notations.