Never give up? The persistence of welfare participation in Sweden

IZA Journal of European Labor Studies

Table 3 Estimation results of welfare participation by foreign-born, 1991-1999

	Initial condition		Participation equation
	PE	SE	PE	SE	ME
Age/100	−0.637^*	0.281	−0.732^*	0.161	−0.093
Educational level (CG: Primary school)
Secondary school	−0.200^*	0.050	−0.128^*	0.023	−0.016
Post Secondary school	−0.706^*	0.107	−0.387^*	0.033	−0.044
City region	−0.044	0.049	0.015	0.026	0.005
Married/Cohabitant	−0.491^*	0.047	−0.308^*	0.021	−0.041
Children < 4 years	0.208^*	0.046	0.121^*	0.022	0.014
Unemployed	0.393^*	0.055	0.288^*	0.018	0.051
Municipal rate of SA-participation/10	0.357^*	0.174	0.432^*	0.065	0.041
Social assistance (SA) norm/10K	−0.076	0.177	0.094^*	0.028	0.011
Average municipal duration of SA /10	0.191	0.192	−0.274^*	0.081	−0.049
Country of origin (CG: Nordic countries)
Western Europe	−0.344^*	0.095	−0.244^*	0.052	−0.030
Eastern Europe	−0.061	0.106	−0.025^*	0.055	−0.010
Southern Europe	−0.488^*	0.106	−0.158^*	0.053	−0.021
Middle East	0.296^*	0.098	0.379^*	0.048	0.036
Rest of the world	0.295^*	0.069	0.262^*	0.038	0.031
Years since immigration (CG: 0–4 years)
5–9 years	−0.505^*	0.059	−0.128^*	0.027	−0.015
10–14 years	−0.667^*	0.065	−0.231^*	0.033	−0.028
15–22 years	−0.590^*	0.063	−0.330^*	0.035	−0.039
>22 years	−0.701^*	0.076	−0.441^*	0.039	−0.053
Refugee	0.362^*	0.079	0.070^*	0.035	0.010
Structural state dependence (40 draws)			1.041^*	0.053	0.125
Structural state dependence (100 draws)			1.018^*	0.047
Fixed time effects		YES
		Alternative error schemes
	General error structure	First order Markov		Component of variance
Log likelihood	-15811.28	-16254.07		-15925.81
LR-test		885.58		114.53