Immigration and careers of European workers: effects and the role of policies

IZA Journal of European Labor Studies

Table 4 Immigration and native “occupational upgrading”

Specification:	(1) OLS	(2) OLS	(3) OLS	(4) 2SLS	(5) 2SLS	(6) 2SLS
Occupation upgrade	-0.1427	0.2620	0.4357***	0.8118***	1.0510***	1.0018***
2-year interval	[0.2019]	[0.2124]	[0.1519]	[0.2372]	[0.2303]	[0.2541]
Observations	348	210	210	210	210	126
F-stat 1st stage	.	.	.	70.55	44.09	48.02
Occupation upgrade	0.0207	0.3310	0.6294***	0.8466***	1.2376***	1.8067***
3-year interval	[0.1986]	[0.2097]	[0.1647]	[0.2072]	[0.2330]	[0.2172]
Observations	272	168	168	168	168	84
F-stat 1st stage	.	.	.	86.58	63.38	50.71
Occupation upgrade	0.2895	0.7059***	0.9237***	1.2148***	1.3969***	2.2955***
4-year interval	[0.1997]	[0.1743]	[0.1320]	[0.2433]	[0.1986]	[0.2440]
Observations	196	126	126	126	126	42
F-stat 1st stage	.	.	.	60.90	47.81	7.478
Fixed effects	Country, Year	Country, Year	Country, Year	Country, Year	Country, Year	Country, Year
Interaction effects	No	No	Year × Country	No	Year × Country	Year × Country
			Year × Occupation		Year × Occupation	Year × Occupation
Lag dependent	No	No	No	No	No	Yes

Note: Each cell reports the estimate from a different regression. The coefficient reported in columns (1) to (6) is the coefficient of interest on the share of individuals upgrading in the year-country-occupation cells, as written at the beginning of each row. The length of the time interval t, t+r is also indicated in the first cell of each row. All regressions are performed at country-year-occupation level and include dummies for occupation, year and countries and the share of European natives in each education group, marital status, industry and tenure group. In brackets we report the standard errors clustered at the country-occupation level. In column (1) the estimates are produced using the whole sample. *, **, *** indicate significance at the 10, 5 and 1% level.