Immigration and careers of European workers: effects and the role of policies

IZA Journal of European Labor Studies

Table 5 Immigration and native “occupational downgrading”

Specification:	(1) OLS	(2) OLS	(3) OLS	(4) 2SLS	(5) 2SLS	(6) 2SLS
Occupation downgrade	0.1196	0.5307***	0.2464	0.8046*	0.5836*	-0.4447
2-year interval	[0.1780]	[0.1798]	[0.1895]	[0.4134]	[0.3064]	[0.4324]
Observations	398	240	240	240	240	144
F-stat 1st stage	.	.	.	33.67	25.87	15.22
Occupation downgrade	0.1796	0.4420**	0.1639	0.5153	0.2609	-0.8161
3-year interval	[0.1952]	[0.1966]	[0.2348]	[0.4468]	[0.3779]	[0.6998]
Observations	311	192	192	192	192	96
F-stat 1st stage	.	.	.	31.55	24.31	13.24
Occupation downgrade	0.0629	-0.1179	-0.1638	-0.1687	-0.5690	-1.4912***
4-year interval	[0.2241]	[0.2178]	[0.2525]	[0.4668]	[0.4723]	[0.5261]
Observations	224	144	144	144	144	48
F-stat 1st stage	.	.	.	16.64	15.53	5.557
Fixed effects	Country, Year	Country, Year	Country, Year	Country, Year	Country, Year	Country, Year
Interaction effects	No	No	Year × Country	No	Year × Country	Year × Country
			Year × Occupation		Year × Occupation	Year × Occupation
Lag dependent	No	No	No	No	No	Yes

Note: Each cell reports the estimate from a different regression. The coefficient reported in columns (1) to (6) is the coefficient of interest on the share of individuals downgrading in the year-country-occupation cells, as written at the beginning of each row. The length of the time interval t, t+r is also indicated in the first cell of each row. All regressions are performed at country-year-occupation level and include dummies for occupation, year and countries and the share of European natives in each education group, marital status, industry and tenure group. In brackets we report the standard errors clustered at the country-occupation level. In column (1) the estimates are produced using the whole sample. *, **, *** indicate significance at the 10, 5 and 1% level.