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IZA Journal of European Labor Studies

Table 9 Immigration and native occupational upgrading

From: Immigration and careers of European workers: effects and the role of policies

 

(1)

OLS

(2)

OLS

(3)

OLS

(4)

2SLS

(5)

2SLS

(6)

2SLS

 

High Social Exp

0.0534

0.5142***

0.6572***

0.6572***

0.8283***

0.7695***

 
 

[0.1619]

[0.1976]

[0.1504]

[0.1504]

[0.2511]

[0.2537]

 

Low Social Exp

-0.4258*

-0.0456

0.0234

0.0234

1.1269*

2.2406**

 
 

[0.2394]

[0.2154]

[0.1748]

[0.1748]

[0.6110]

[0.9490]

 

Observations

348

210

210

210

210

126

 

F-stat 1st stage

.

.

.

.

4.151

3.128

 

High PMR

-0.0771

0.3758*

0.4642**

0.4642**

1.0130***

1.1038***

 
 

[0.2424]

[0.2246]

[0.1821]

[0.1821]

[0.1951]

[0.2144]

 

Low PMR

-0.4637*

-0.5882**

-0.2277

-0.2277

0.0186

-0.1648

 
 

[0.2808]

[0.2968]

[0.3259]

[0.3259]

[0.4536]

[0.5360]

 

Observations

348

210

210

210

210

126

 

F-stat 1st stage

.

.

.

.

36.58

22.12

 

High EPL

-0.3674

-0.1559

-0.0133

-0.0133

0.3053

0.9807**

 
 

[0.2492]

[0.1911]

[0.1804]

[0.1804]

[0.3628]

[0.4258]

 

Low EPL

0.0971

0.7130***

0.7743***

0.7743***

0.8827***

1.0715***

 
 

[0.1598]

[0.1781]

[0.1377]

[0.1377]

[0.2098]

[0.2290]

 

Observations

348

210

210

210

210

126

 

F-stat 1st stage

.

.

.

.

13.50

12.85

 

High EPL × High PMR

-0.3487

-0.0366

0.0627

1.0684**

1.0118**

1.9461***

 
 

[0.2995]

[0.2217]

[0.1838]

[0.5119]

[0.4898]

[0.6455]

 

Low EPL × High PMR

0.1879

0.7563***

0.8281***

1.0107***

1.0113***

0.8860***

 
 

[0.1659]

[0.1708]

[0.1259]

[0.2040]

[0.1737]

[0.1959]

 

High EPL × Low PMR

-0.5188

-0.6534**

-0.1869

-0.0117

0.3711

-0.7037

 
 

[0.3639]

[0.3183]

[0.3837]

[0.4568]

[0.5064]

[0.5792]

 

Low EPL × Low PMR

-0.4797

-0.2602

-0.6418

0.9586

-0.2711

-1.7382

 
 

[0.3414]

[0.6752]

[0.7914]

[1.4366]

[1.5022]

[2.0938]

 

Observations

348

210

210

210

210

126

 

First st. F-stat

.

.

.

2.224

1.632

1.896

 

Fixed effects

Country, Year

Country, Year

Country, Year

Country, Year

Country, Year

Country, Year

 

Interaction effects

No

No

Year × Country

No

Year × Country

Year × Country

 
   

Year × Occupation

 

Year × Occupation

Year × Occupation

 

Lag dependent

No

No

No

No

No

Yes

 
  1. By Employment Protection Legislation, Product Market Regulation and Social Expenditure levels.
  2. Note: Each cell reports the estimate from a different regression. The coefficient reported in columns (1) to (6) is the coefficient of interest on the probability of upgrading to a higher-tier occupation in a two-year interval, by groups of the total sample divided by level of Social Expenditure, Employment Protection Legislation (EPL) and Product Market Regulation (PMR), as written at the beginning of each row. All regressions are performed at country-year-occupation level and include dummies for occupation, year and countries and the share of European natives in each education group, marital status, industry and tenure group. In brackets we report the standard errors clustered at the country-occupation level. In column (1) the estimates are produced using the whole sample. *, **, *** indicate significance at the 10, 5 and 1% level.
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