Nominal and real wage rigidity: Does nationality matter?

IZA Journal of European Labor Studies

Table 1 Main characteristics of total native and immigrant workers in Portugal, average 2002-2008

	Natives	Immigrants	EU15	PALOP	CEEC	Brazil	China
Total, levels in 2008	2,324,699	159,539	13,294	39,305	37,638	42,266	2,670
Share in total, 2008	93.6	6.4	8.3	24.6	23.6	26.5	1.7
Type of contract (%)
Permanent contract	77.6	45.2	66.3	49.6	35.4	35.9	44.0
Fixed-term contract	22.4	54.8	33.7	50.4	64.6	64.1	56.0
Age
Average years	37.9	35.7	36.5	36.5	36.3	33.0	34.3
% workers aged less 35 years	43.4	50.5	51.1	45.7	47.5	62.4	53.9
Tenure
Average years	7.5	2.5	4.1	2.8	1.6	1.5	1.4
[0, 3]	43.7	78.6	61.8	74.6	86.2	88.0	89.1
of which <1	15.8	37.7	24.2	37.7	38.6	46.8	43.4
Educational attainment (%)
Illiterate	1.2	4.1	0.5	4.8	6.3	1.7	15.4
4 years completed	24.0	23.2	7.9	34.1	20.6	16.7	38.8
6 years completed	22.1	17.0	11.7	16.9	16.9	18.5	15.0
9 years completed	21.6	24.3	19.9	21.8	26.7	27.9	20.0
12 years completed	20.0	23.0	29.7	16.7	23.7	29.3	7.6
Tertiary	11.0	8.5	30.2	5.8	5.9	5.8	3.2
Main sectors of activity (%)
Manufacturing industry	28.4	15.7	20.6	8.8	22.0	10.7	1.4
Construction	11.4	23.7	8.2	28.5	31.9	19.2	0.6
Services, of which:	57.6	57.6	68.9	61.9	40.0	68.3	98.0
Wholesale and retail trade	20.0	13.5	19.9	11.1	9.1	15.8	49.9
Hotels and restaurants	6.2	15.3	11.5	14.6	10.6	23.5	45.1
Business services	9.6	15.5	12.8	23.6	10.7	15.2	1.1
Other sectors	2.6	3.0	2.3	0.8	6.1	1.9	0.1
Average nominal monthly wage
In Euros	835.8	732.7	1436.5	668.8	596.0	716.1	449.4
% Minimum wage earners	8.0	12.6	6.8	8.4	13.3	16.7	57.3

Source: Quadros de Pessoal.
Notes: The shares of main immigrant groups are computed as a percentage of total immigrants. EU15 includes the other 14 initial Member-States of European Union. CEEC (Central and Eastern European countries) includes Slovakia, Poland, Czech Republic, Hungary, Estonia, Slovenia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Russian Federation, Moldova, Ukraine and Serbia. PALOP (Países Africanos de Língua Oficial Portuguesa) refers to the former Portuguese colonies in Africa (Angola, Cape Verde, Guinea Bissau, Mozambique, and São Tomé and Príncipe). Illiterate refers to no formal education or below ISCED 1, 4 years completed (primary education) and 6 years completed (second stage of basic education) are both included in ISCED 1, 9 years completed refers to ISCED 2 (lower secondary education), 12 years completed refers to ISCED 3-4 (upper-secondary) and tertiary refers to ISCED 5-6. ISCED stands for International Standard Classification of Education. The percentage of minimum wage earners was computed considering workers with wages in the interval of +/- 1 euro centred on the minimum wage.