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Table 3 Main characteristics of native and immigrant workers in Portugal, sample of job stayers, average 2002-2008

From: Nominal and real wage rigidity: Does nationality matter?

 

Natives

Immigrants

EU15

PALOP

CEEC

Brazil

China

Levels in 2008

1,386,734

62,374

7,241

15,208

14,901

13,454

804

Share in total, 2008

95.7

4.3

11.6

24.4

23.9

21.6

1.3

Type of contract (%)

       

Permanent contract

81.6

53.2

72.2

59.6

40.0

43.3

48.3

Fixed-term contract

18.4

46.8

27.8

40.4

60.0

56.7

51.7

Age

       

Average years

38.1

36.1

36.9

37.0

36.5

33.4

34.4

% workers aged less 35 years

42.4

48.9

49.3

43.9

46.5

60.9

53.3

Tenure

       

Average years

8.1

3.3

4.6

3.8

2.2

2.1

1.8

[0, 3]

39.2

71.3

56.7

65.0

81.9

82.6

86.2

Educational attainment (%)

       

Illiterate

1.2

4.2

0.5

5.4

6.8

1.7

17.1

4 years completed

24.0

21.8

7.2

31.7

20.6

16.4

41.3

6 years completed

22.0

17.1

11.7

16.9

17.0

18.9

13.9

9 years completed

20.9

23.4

18.8

21.4

26.4

26.2

18.5

12 years completed

20.2

23.1

28.8

17.2

22.9

29.8

6.4

Tertiary

11.6

10.4

33.0

7.4

6.3

7.0

2.8

Main sectors of activity (%)

       

Manufacturing industry

30.1

19.3

22.3

11.2

26.2

13.4

1.3

Construction

10.7

20.9

7.6

26.3

29.3

16.8

0.6

Services, of which:

56.5

56.5

67.7

61.3

37.9

67.8

98.0

Wholesale and retail trade

20.2

15.3

20.3

13.1

10.1

18.2

53.9

Hotels and restaurants

5.7

14.8

9.8

15.4

10.4

23.3

41.7

Business services

8.6

10.9

11.8

16.7

6.7

11.0

0.9

Other sectors

2.7

3.3

2.4

1.2

6.6

1.9

0.1

Average nominal monthly wage

       

In Euros

858.3

790.6

1507.9

718.8

599.3

787.8

456.8

% Minimum wage earners

7.3

11.7

6.1

7.8

13.5

14.9

56.3

  1. Source: Quadros de Pessoal.
  2. Notes: The sample of job stayers includes only the workers who stayed for at least two consecutive years in the same firm. The shares of main immigrant groups are computed as a percentage of total immigrants. EU15 includes the other 14 initial Member-States of European Union. CEEC (Central and Eastern European countries) includes Slovakia, Poland, Czech Republic, Hungary, Estonia, Slovenia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Russian Federation, Moldova, Ukraine and Serbia. PALOP (Países Africanos de Língua Oficial Portuguesa) refers to the former Portuguese colonies in Africa (Angola, Cape Verde, Guinea Bissau, Mozambique, and São Tomé and Príncipe). Illiterate refers to no formal education or below ISCED 1, 4 years completed (primary education) and 6 years completed (second stage of basic education) are both included in ISCED 1, 9 years completed refers to ISCED 2 (lower secondary education), 12 years completed refers to ISCED 3-4 (upper-secondary) and tertiary refers to ISCED 5-6. ISCED stands for International Standard Classification of Education. The percentage of minimum wage earners was computed considering workers with wages in the interval of +/- 1 euro centred on the minimum wage.