From: Nominal and real wage rigidity: Does nationality matter?
Natives | Immigrants | EU15 | PALOP | CEEC | Brazil | China | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Levels in 2008 | 1,386,734 | 62,374 | 7,241 | 15,208 | 14,901 | 13,454 | 804 |
Share in total, 2008 | 95.7 | 4.3 | 11.6 | 24.4 | 23.9 | 21.6 | 1.3 |
Type of contract (%) | |||||||
Permanent contract | 81.6 | 53.2 | 72.2 | 59.6 | 40.0 | 43.3 | 48.3 |
Fixed-term contract | 18.4 | 46.8 | 27.8 | 40.4 | 60.0 | 56.7 | 51.7 |
Age | |||||||
Average years | 38.1 | 36.1 | 36.9 | 37.0 | 36.5 | 33.4 | 34.4 |
% workers aged less 35 years | 42.4 | 48.9 | 49.3 | 43.9 | 46.5 | 60.9 | 53.3 |
Tenure | |||||||
Average years | 8.1 | 3.3 | 4.6 | 3.8 | 2.2 | 2.1 | 1.8 |
[0, 3] | 39.2 | 71.3 | 56.7 | 65.0 | 81.9 | 82.6 | 86.2 |
Educational attainment (%) | |||||||
Illiterate | 1.2 | 4.2 | 0.5 | 5.4 | 6.8 | 1.7 | 17.1 |
4 years completed | 24.0 | 21.8 | 7.2 | 31.7 | 20.6 | 16.4 | 41.3 |
6 years completed | 22.0 | 17.1 | 11.7 | 16.9 | 17.0 | 18.9 | 13.9 |
9 years completed | 20.9 | 23.4 | 18.8 | 21.4 | 26.4 | 26.2 | 18.5 |
12 years completed | 20.2 | 23.1 | 28.8 | 17.2 | 22.9 | 29.8 | 6.4 |
Tertiary | 11.6 | 10.4 | 33.0 | 7.4 | 6.3 | 7.0 | 2.8 |
Main sectors of activity (%) | |||||||
Manufacturing industry | 30.1 | 19.3 | 22.3 | 11.2 | 26.2 | 13.4 | 1.3 |
Construction | 10.7 | 20.9 | 7.6 | 26.3 | 29.3 | 16.8 | 0.6 |
Services, of which: | 56.5 | 56.5 | 67.7 | 61.3 | 37.9 | 67.8 | 98.0 |
Wholesale and retail trade | 20.2 | 15.3 | 20.3 | 13.1 | 10.1 | 18.2 | 53.9 |
Hotels and restaurants | 5.7 | 14.8 | 9.8 | 15.4 | 10.4 | 23.3 | 41.7 |
Business services | 8.6 | 10.9 | 11.8 | 16.7 | 6.7 | 11.0 | 0.9 |
Other sectors | 2.7 | 3.3 | 2.4 | 1.2 | 6.6 | 1.9 | 0.1 |
Average nominal monthly wage | |||||||
In Euros | 858.3 | 790.6 | 1507.9 | 718.8 | 599.3 | 787.8 | 456.8 |
% Minimum wage earners | 7.3 | 11.7 | 6.1 | 7.8 | 13.5 | 14.9 | 56.3 |