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Table 5 Macedonia: Determinants of hourly earnings with selectivity correction

From: Occupational segregation and gender differentials in earnings in Macedonia

 

Both sexes

Men

Women

 

Coefficient

Standard

Coefficient

Standard

Coefficient

Standard

  

errora

 

errora

 

errora

Constant

3.2636

0.1105***

3.2741

0.1213***

2.5948

0.2255***

Education dummiesb

      

 Primary

0.1251

0.0348***

0.0737

0.0398*

0.3123

0.0697***

 Secondary, 3 years

0.2044

0.0408***

0.1352

0.0444***

0.4681

0.0856***

 Secondary, 4 years

0.2976

0.0418***

0.2414

0.0446***

0.5325

0.0892***

 Non-university post-secondary

0.4314

0.0509***

0.4385

0.0572***

0.5961

0.1038***

 University and above

0.6814

0.0558***

0.6568

0.0597***

0.9129

0.1165***

Years of potential experience

0.0123

0.0047***

0.0186

0.0056***

0.0173

0.0080**

Experience-squared

-0.0002

0.0001**

-0.0004

0.0001***

-0.0003

0.0002*

Unmarried person dummy

-0.0521

0.0209**

-0.1179

0.0280***

0.0359

0.0312

Enterprise dummiesc

      

 Public sector

-0.1462

0.0196***

-0.1827

0.0278***

-0.1073

0.0267***

 Private, with <10 employees

-0.2521

0.0258***

-0.2740

0.0353***

-0.2197

0.0371***

 Private, with 10–25 employees

-0.0307

0.0332

-0.0320

0.0442

-0.0546

0.0492

Pension fund registration dummy

0.1316

0.0186***

0.1196

0.0250***

0.1509

0.0267***

Industry dummiesd

      

 Manufacturing

0.1029

0.0276***

0.0944

0.0329***

0.1581

0.0530***

 Electricity, gas, water supply

0.4279

0.0379***

0.4410

0.0438***

0.3189

0.0795***

 Construction

0.1694

0.0334***

0.1446

0.0384***

0.0721

0.0785

 Wholesale and retail trade

0.1679

0.0338***

0.1163

0.0421***

0.2629

0.0592***

 Hotels and restaurants

0.2383

0.0454***

0.1111

0.0600*

0.4327

0.0719***

 Transport and communications

0.2108

0.0357***

0.1712

0.0414***

0.3799

0.0757***

 Financial intermediation

0.6299

0.0530***

0.6322

0.0882***

0.6328

0.0722***

 Real estate and business services

0.1590

0.0459***

0.0743

0.0564

0.3092

0.0804***

 Public administration

0.2543

0.0355***

0.2764

0.0444***

0.2177

0.0623***

 Education

0.1262

0.0368***

0.0909

0.0499*

0.1794

0.0603***

 Health and social work

0.2162

0.0353***

0.1858

0.0529***

0.2224

0.0581***

 Other services

0.2519

0.0354***

0.2347

0.0430***

0.3101

0.0639***

Occupation dummiese

      

 Managers and senior officials

0.2627

0.0416***

0.2844

0.0513***

0.2222

0.0749***

 Professionals

0.2341

0.0340***

0.1863

0.0466***

0.2921

0.0494***

 Technicians and associate professionals

0.2181

0.0295***

0.1711

0.0393***

0.2788

0.0452***

 Clerks

0.1519

0.0300***

0.1046

0.0408**

0.1997

0.0447***

 Service and sales workers

0.0493

0.0273*

0.0642

0.0360*

0.0171

0.0413

 Craft and related trade workers

0.0657

0.0268**

0.0970

0.0340***

0.0090

0.0444

 Plant and machine operators and assemblers

0.0446

0.0283

0.0629

0.0351*

-0.0162

0.0536

Occupation feminization dummiesf

      

 Feminization 21-40 percent

-0.0856

0.0203***

-0.0590

0.0245**

-0.0588

0.0477

 Feminization 41–60 percent

-0.0933

0.0209***

-0.0586

0.0268**

-0.0622

0.0458

 Feminization 61–80 percent

-0.1809

0.0263***

-0.1833

0.0419***

-0.1088

0.0482**

 Feminization >80 percent

-0.1710

0.0239***

-0.2265

0.0475***

-0.0999

0.0460**

Ethnic affiliation dummiesg

      

 Ethnic Albanians

-0.0407

0.0333

-0.0698

0.0349**

-0.1745

0.0817**

 Other minorities

-0.0254

0.0296

-0.0600

0.0351*

-0.0455

0.0539

Region dummiesh

      

 West Macedonia

-0.0926

0.0182***

-0.1111

0.0243***

-0.0614

0.0284**

 East Macedonia

-0.2123

0.0159***

-0.2502

0.0219***

-0.1647

0.0229***

 Central Macedonia

-0.1329

0.0170***

-0.1476

0.0228***

-0.1199

0.0243***

Urban area dummy

0.0430

0.0157***

0.0237

0.0192

0.1112

0.0243***

Selection term (LAMBDA)

0.1165

0.0437***

0.2126

0.0519***

0.1583

0.0718**

Female dummy

-0.1265

0.0183***

    

R-squared

0.3533

  

0.3078

0.4465

 

Adjusted R-squared

0.3482

  

0.2989

0.4353

 

F-ratio

68.51

  

34.54

40.10

 

(N)

5436

  

3305

2131

 
  1. aStandard error corrected for heteroscedasticity induced by the selection. The two-step sample selection model was estimated using LIMDEP.
  2. bThe omitted category is below primary education.
  3. cThe omitted category is private enterprises with more than 25 workers.
  4. dThe omitted category is agriculture.
  5. eThe omitted category is elementary (unskilled) occupations.
  6. fThe omitted category is feminization of 20 percent or less.
  7. gThe omitted category is ethnic Macedonian.
  8. hThe omitted category is Skopje region.
  9. ***significant at the 1 percent level; **significant at the 5 percent level; *significant at the 10 percent level.