Employment, late-life work, retirement, and well-being in Europe and the United States

Nikolova, Milena; Graham, Carol

doi:10.1186/2193-9012-3-5

IZA Journal of European Labor Studies

Table 8 Job satisfaction regressions, 2010-2012

From: Employment, late-life work, retirement, and well-being in Europe and the United States

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)
Variables	Job satisfaction	Job satisfaction	Ideal job	Ideal job
Employment Categories (Ref. Group: Employed Full-time)
Self-Employed (1 = Yes)	0.176*	0.237*	0.501***	0.553***
	(0.095)	(0.129)	(0.080)	(0.106)
Voluntarily employed part-time (1 = Yes)	0.188*	0.125	0.081	-0.081
	(0.110)	(0.147)	(0.078)	(0.101)
Involuntarily employed part-time (1 = Yes)	-0.581***	-0.649***	-0.417***	-0.351***
	(0.098)	(0.123)	(0.080)	(0.100)
Age	-0.054***	-0.047**	0.002	0.023*
	(0.016)	(0.019)	(0.011)	(0.013)
Age Squared	0.001***	0.001**	0.000	-0.000
	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)
Employment and Age Interactions
Employed full-time*Age 46 to 65		-0.181		-0.068
		(0.121)		(0.091)
Employed full-time*Age 66 and older		0.210		1.469**
		(0.611)		(0.609)
Self employed*Age 46 to 65		-0.327		-0.164
		(0.201)		(0.172)
Self employed*Age 66 and older		-0.025		0.054
		(0.604)		(0.463)
Voluntary part-time*Age 46 to 65		-0.080		0.282
		(0.237)		(0.175)
Voluntary part-time*Age 66 and older		0.153		0.770**
		(0.459)		(0.355)
Involuntary part-time*Age 46 to 65		0.031		-0.240
		(0.206)		(0.169)
Involuntary part-time*Age 66 and older		-0.239		0.607
		(0.634)		(0.600)
Female (1 = Yes)	0.042	0.043	0.040	0.045
	(0.062)	(0.062)	(0.046)	(0.046)
Married (1 = Yes)	0.248***	0.244***	0.162***	0.159***
	(0.073)	(0.073)	(0.054)	(0.055)
Some college or college diploma (1 = Yes)	0.132*	0.125*	0.140***	0.136**
	(0.074)	(0.074)	(0.053)	(0.053)
Log husehold income (in ID)	0.334***	0.334***	0.276***	0.278***
	(0.049)	(0.049)	(0.043)	(0.043)
Urban area (1 = Yes)	-0.020	-0.019	-0.132***	-0.132***
	(0.063)	(0.063)	(0.046)	(0.046)
Child in household (1 = Yes)	-0.051	-0.079	0.021	-0.006
	(0.069)	(0.071)	(0.052)	(0.054)
Household size	-0.070***	-0.060**	-0.049**	-0.039*
	(0.027)	(0.027)	(0.021)	(0.021)
Religion important (1 = Yes)	0.110	0.110	0.138***	0.140***
	(0.069)	(0.069)	(0.051)	(0.051)
Country Dummies (Ref. Group: United States
Turkey	-0.483**	-0.499***	0.270**	0.278**
	(0.190)	(0.191)	(0.117)	(0.117)
UK	-0.144	-0.138	0.106	0.118
	(0.211)	(0.211)	(0.145)	(0.146)
France	-0.277	-0.271	-0.133	-0.117
	(0.186)	(0.186)	(0.107)	(0.107)
Germany	0.240	0.241	0.323***	0.341***
	(0.181)	(0.181)	(0.100)	(0.100)
Spain	0.121	0.115	-0.127	-0.119
	(0.188)	(0.188)	(0.104)	(0.105)
Italy	-0.132	-0.133	0.002	0.013
	(0.209)	(0.210)	(0.130)	(0.131)
Sweden	0.342*	0.343*	0.293***	0.308***
	(0.187)	(0.187)	(0.100)	(0.101)
Greece	-0.626***	-0.637***	-0.229**	-0.226**
	(0.183)	(0.184)	(0.111)	(0.111)
Portugal	-0.113	-0.122	0.506***	0.505***
	(0.195)	(0.195)	(0.121)	(0.122)
Year Dummies	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Observations	10,526	10,526	10,762	10,762
Pseudo R2	0.0548	0.0556	0.0464	0.0482

Source: Gallup World Poll, 2011–2013.
Notes: All logistic regressions are for 2010–2012 and use country and year dummies and report robust standard errors (in parentheses). Job satisfaction and ideal job are available starting in 2010. The dependent variable in Models (1) and (2) is job satisfaction (coded as 1 if the respondent is satisfied and 0 otherwise). The dependent variable Models (3) and (4) is ideal job (coded as 1 if the respondent thought that her current job was the ideal one for her and 0 otherwise). Household income is log-transformed and is in international dollars (ID), which allows comparisons across countries and time.
*** p < 0.01, ** p < 0.05, * p < 0.1.

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