Table 4 Difference in difference estimations for PISA 2003 and PISA 2012 in mathematics
From: Publicizing the results of standardized external tests: does it have an effect on school outcomes?
Variable | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Madrid | 9.580 | 7.133 | −4.163 | −7.149 |
(9.973) | (5.889) | (7.635) | (7.098) | |
Madrid*PISA2012 | 12.826 | 8.523 | 12.794 | 15.014** |
(10.412) | (6.807) | (8.019) | (7.616) | |
PISA2012 | −2.396 | 3.678 | 2.655 | 2.444 |
(3.258) | (2.470) | (3.334) | (4.038) | |
Student characteristics | ||||
Female | −12.249*** | −12.394*** | −13.335*** | |
(1.684) | (1.663) | (1.704) | ||
Age | 16.332*** | 15.687*** | 16.237*** | |
(3.578) | (3.536) | (3.457) | ||
Immigrant | −16.357** | −15.323** | −16.337** | |
(7.381) | (7.733) | (7.564) | ||
Mother immigrant | −11.877** | −10.949** | −9.941* | |
(5.123) | (5.167) | (5.629) | ||
Father immigrant | −10.109* | −13.621** | −10.678* | |
(5.846) | (6.207) | (6.100) | ||
Foreign language spoken at home | 2.687 | 0.741 | 0.245 | |
(2.535) | (2.893) | (3.091) | ||
Single parent family | −5.800** | −6.578*** | −7.670*** | |
(2.703) | (2.548) | (2.550) | ||
Other family | −11.687* | −12.833** | −14.199** | |
(6.380) | (6.403) | (6.407) | ||
Learning time (hours/week) in mathematics | −4.703*** | −6.415*** | −4.428** | |
(1.581) | (1.670) | (2.048) | ||
ESCS (Index of Economic, Social and Cultural Status) | 31.585*** | 28.372*** | 22.565*** | |
(1.216) | (1.364) | (1.149) | ||
ESCS squared | 0.235 | −0.373 | 0.307 | |
(0.670) | (0.809) | (0.833) | ||
School characteristics | ||||
Private school | 17.595*** | 1.136 | ||
(6.100) | (6.497) | |||
Charter school | 15.084*** | 7.133* | ||
(4.309) | (3.943) | |||
School in small town | 1.443 | 3.907 | ||
(5.362) | (6.220) | |||
School in town | −0.156 | 1.079 | ||
(5.769) | (6.134) | |||
School in city | 3.369 | 4.468 | ||
(5.908) | (6.456) | |||
School in large city | 16.060* | 18.122* | ||
(8.825) | (9.288) | |||
Student/teacher ratio | 0.001 | −0.170 | ||
(0.373) | (0.348) | |||
School size | 0.005 | −0.003 | ||
(0.005) | (0.005) | |||
Assessments used to compare the school to district/national performance | 4.754 | 1.931 | ||
(2.917) | (2.688) | |||
Assessments used to make judgements about teacher’s effectiveness | −2.688 | −2.103 | ||
(3.352) | (3.104) | |||
Propotion of girls in school | 47.438*** | |||
(17.498) | ||||
School average of ESCS index | 25.561*** | |||
(3.435) | ||||
School average of ESCS index squared | −10.033*** | |||
(3.860) | ||||
% of Immigrant students in school | 0.443 | |||
(0.346) | ||||
% of Mother immigrants in school | −0.030 | |||
(0.355) | ||||
% of Father immigrants in school | −0.593 | |||
(0.370) | ||||
School average learning time (hours/week) in mathematics | −2.967 | |||
(4.544) | ||||
Constant | 483.786*** | 259.479*** | 266.709*** | 265.572*** |
(2.370) | (57.943) | (56.686) | (57.408) |