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Table 1 Selection equation estimates, by gender, 1960-2000

From: Gender and occupational wage gaps in Romania: from planned equality to market inequality?

 

Women

Men

1960-

89

1994

 

1996

 

1998

 

2000

 

1960-

89

1994

 

1996

 

1998

 

2000

 

c1

−0.894

***

−0.510

**

−1.072

***

−1.345

***

−0.682

**

−1.285

***

−0.938

***

−0.544

***

−0.610

***

−0.754

***

c2

2.138

***

2.112

***

1.658

***

1.547

***

2.149

***

1.595

***

1.698

***

2.174

***

2.214

***

1.931

***

Age

0.425

***

0.365

***

0.004

 

0.000

 

0.274

*

−0.119

 

−0.303

***

−0.008

 

0.029

 

−0.009

 

Age2/10

−0.049

**

−0.034

**

0.014

 

0.005

 

−0.024

 

0.026

 

0.048

***

0.007

 

0.003

 

0.012

 

Educational Level1)

                    

Vocational

0.113

*

0.222

***

0.219

***

0.253

***

0.182

***

−0.128

**

0.155

***

0.105

***

0.097

***

−0.255

***

High school 2 years#

0.766

***

0.802

***

0.173

***

0.226

***

0.273

***

0.208

***

0.372

***

0.034

 

0.139

***

−0.172

***

High school 4 years

    

0.934

***

0.975

***

0.932

***

    

0.403

***

0.421

***

−0.017

 

After high school

0.922

***

0.718

***

0.805

***

1.066

***

1.033

***

0.719

***

0.689

***

0.634

***

0.652

***

−0.546

***

University

0.163

 

0.159

***

0.296

***

0.347

***

0.343

***

0.076

 

0.470

***

0.381

***

0.466

***

0.065

 

Region

                    

R1: North-East

−0.101

*

−0.174

***

−0.185

***

−0.240

***

−0.173

***

−0.010

 

−0.107

***

−0.182

***

−0.151

***

0.033

 

R2: South-East

−0.067

 

−0.008

 

−0.087

**

−0.151

***

−0.101

**

−0.277

***

0.047

 

−0.047

 

−0.110

***

−0.183

***

R3:South

0.057

 

−0.114

***

−0.072

*

−0.122

***

−0.094

**

−0.145

**

−0.064

**

−0.140

***

−0.128

***

−0.089

**

R4: South-West

−0.017

 

−0.075

*

−0.162

***

−0.200

***

−0.215

***

0.007

 

−0.050

 

−0.086

**

−0.076

*

0.019

 

R8: Bucharest

0.154

*

−0.090

**

−0.050

 

−0.055

 

−0.089

*

−0.023

 

0.096

**

0.043

 

−0.025

 

−0.099

**

Hungarians*Center

−0.225

 

−0.403

 

−0.150

 

0.242

 

−0.434

 

−0.761

 

−0.287

 

−0.185

 

0.101

 

−0.428

 

Married

−0.046

 

−0.013

 

0.031

 

−0.030

 

0.004

 

−0.046

 

−0.127

***

−0.105

***

−0.225

***

−0.071

*

Urban

−0.109

**

0.072

**

−0.020

 

−0.056

 

−0.014

 

0.034

 

0.032

 

−0.009

 

0.026

 

0.082

***

Ethnicity2)

                    

Romanian

−0.234

*

−0.083

 

−0.025

 

−0.003

 

−0.015

 

−0.212

*

−0.042

 

−0.053

 

−0.154

*

−0.009

 

Hungarian

0.048

 

0.330

 

0.067

 

−0.201

 

0.404

 

0.635

 

0.255

 

0.060

 

−0.196

 

0.575

 

Group3)

                    

Agriculture

  

−0.538

***

−0.563

***

−0.327

***

−0.208

**

  

−0.523

***

−0.457

***

−0.352

***

−0.437

***

Industry

  

−0.565

***

−0.477

***

−0.428

***

−0.433

***

  

0.127

***

0.217

***

0.227

***

0.116

***

Private ownership

0.406

***

0.046

 

0.034

 

−0.040

 

−0.135

***

−0.179

**

0.138

***

0.099

***

0.065

**

0.107

***

Children aged < 18

−0.072

***

−0.048

***

−0.042

***

−0.041

***

−0.006

 

−0.020

 

0.010

 

0.010

 

0.020

 

−0.022

*

Multi-generation household

−0.086

 

0.058

 

0.014

 

−0.097

**

0.062

 

0.034

 

0.010

 

0.065

*

0.033

 

0.109

***

Variance-covariances

                    

Var(U 1)

0.158

**

0.230

***

0.231

***

0.276

***

0.274

***

0.143

***

0.233

***

0.266

***

0.259

***

0.363

***

Var(U 2)

0.362

***

0.196

***

0.196

***

0.180

***

0.201

***

0.246

***

0.203

***

0.203

***

0.186

***

0.210

***

Var(U 3)

0.275

***

0.236

***

0.209

***

0.159

***

0.188

***

0.148

***

0.177

***

0.129

***

0.156

**

0.464

***

Cov(U 1, ε)

−0.241

 

−0.284

***

−0.332

***

−0.380

***

−0.381

***

0.010

 

−0.329

***

−0.402

***

−0.391

***

0.516

***

Cov(U 2, ε)

−0.300

***

−0.245

***

−0.279

***

−0.292

***

−0.319

***

0.142

***

−0.264

***

−0.293

***

−0.271

***

0.292

***

Cov(U 3, ε)

−0.461

***

−0.374

***

−0.271

***

−0.162

**

−0.243

***

−0.103

 

−0.255

**

−0.085

 

0.139

 

0.619

***

Likelihood

−6266.7

−12476.5

−11197.5

−9426.8

−8267.2

−6923.4

−17877.1

−15364.5

−13023.9

−10944

  1. Notes: The estimate is significant at the 10% level (*), at the 5% level (**), and at the 1% level (***). These notes hold for all tables of estimates. (1)The comparison group is compulsory; (2)the comparison group is all other ethnicities; (3)the comparison group is services. Dummies for 5-year plan periods and three dummies for ownership were also included.