From: Gender and occupational wage gaps in Romania: from planned equality to market inequality?
Women | Men | |||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1960- | 89 | 1994 | 1996 | 1998 | 2000 | 1960- | 89 | 1994 | 1996 | 1998 | 2000 | |||||||||
c1 | −0.894 | *** | −0.510 | ** | −1.072 | *** | −1.345 | *** | −0.682 | ** | −1.285 | *** | −0.938 | *** | −0.544 | *** | −0.610 | *** | −0.754 | *** |
c2 | 2.138 | *** | 2.112 | *** | 1.658 | *** | 1.547 | *** | 2.149 | *** | 1.595 | *** | 1.698 | *** | 2.174 | *** | 2.214 | *** | 1.931 | *** |
Age | 0.425 | *** | 0.365 | *** | 0.004 | 0.000 | 0.274 | * | −0.119 | −0.303 | *** | −0.008 | 0.029 | −0.009 | ||||||
Age2/10 | −0.049 | ** | −0.034 | ** | 0.014 | 0.005 | −0.024 | 0.026 | 0.048 | *** | 0.007 | 0.003 | 0.012 | |||||||
Educational Level1) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Vocational | 0.113 | * | 0.222 | *** | 0.219 | *** | 0.253 | *** | 0.182 | *** | −0.128 | ** | 0.155 | *** | 0.105 | *** | 0.097 | *** | −0.255 | *** |
High school 2 years# | 0.766 | *** | 0.802 | *** | 0.173 | *** | 0.226 | *** | 0.273 | *** | 0.208 | *** | 0.372 | *** | 0.034 | 0.139 | *** | −0.172 | *** | |
High school 4 years | 0.934 | *** | 0.975 | *** | 0.932 | *** | 0.403 | *** | 0.421 | *** | −0.017 | |||||||||
After high school | 0.922 | *** | 0.718 | *** | 0.805 | *** | 1.066 | *** | 1.033 | *** | 0.719 | *** | 0.689 | *** | 0.634 | *** | 0.652 | *** | −0.546 | *** |
University | 0.163 | 0.159 | *** | 0.296 | *** | 0.347 | *** | 0.343 | *** | 0.076 | 0.470 | *** | 0.381 | *** | 0.466 | *** | 0.065 | |||
Region | ||||||||||||||||||||
R1: North-East | −0.101 | * | −0.174 | *** | −0.185 | *** | −0.240 | *** | −0.173 | *** | −0.010 | −0.107 | *** | −0.182 | *** | −0.151 | *** | 0.033 | ||
R2: South-East | −0.067 | −0.008 | −0.087 | ** | −0.151 | *** | −0.101 | ** | −0.277 | *** | 0.047 | −0.047 | −0.110 | *** | −0.183 | *** | ||||
R3:South | 0.057 | −0.114 | *** | −0.072 | * | −0.122 | *** | −0.094 | ** | −0.145 | ** | −0.064 | ** | −0.140 | *** | −0.128 | *** | −0.089 | ** | |
R4: South-West | −0.017 | −0.075 | * | −0.162 | *** | −0.200 | *** | −0.215 | *** | 0.007 | −0.050 | −0.086 | ** | −0.076 | * | 0.019 | ||||
R8: Bucharest | 0.154 | * | −0.090 | ** | −0.050 | −0.055 | −0.089 | * | −0.023 | 0.096 | ** | 0.043 | −0.025 | −0.099 | ** | |||||
Hungarians*Center | −0.225 | −0.403 | −0.150 | 0.242 | −0.434 | −0.761 | −0.287 | −0.185 | 0.101 | −0.428 | ||||||||||
Married | −0.046 | −0.013 | 0.031 | −0.030 | 0.004 | −0.046 | −0.127 | *** | −0.105 | *** | −0.225 | *** | −0.071 | * | ||||||
Urban | −0.109 | ** | 0.072 | ** | −0.020 | −0.056 | −0.014 | 0.034 | 0.032 | −0.009 | 0.026 | 0.082 | *** | |||||||
Ethnicity2) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Romanian | −0.234 | * | −0.083 | −0.025 | −0.003 | −0.015 | −0.212 | * | −0.042 | −0.053 | −0.154 | * | −0.009 | |||||||
Hungarian | 0.048 | 0.330 | 0.067 | −0.201 | 0.404 | 0.635 | 0.255 | 0.060 | −0.196 | 0.575 | ||||||||||
Group3) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Agriculture | −0.538 | *** | −0.563 | *** | −0.327 | *** | −0.208 | ** | −0.523 | *** | −0.457 | *** | −0.352 | *** | −0.437 | *** | ||||
Industry | −0.565 | *** | −0.477 | *** | −0.428 | *** | −0.433 | *** | 0.127 | *** | 0.217 | *** | 0.227 | *** | 0.116 | *** | ||||
Private ownership | 0.406 | *** | 0.046 | 0.034 | −0.040 | −0.135 | *** | −0.179 | ** | 0.138 | *** | 0.099 | *** | 0.065 | ** | 0.107 | *** | |||
Children aged < 18 | −0.072 | *** | −0.048 | *** | −0.042 | *** | −0.041 | *** | −0.006 | −0.020 | 0.010 | 0.010 | 0.020 | −0.022 | * | |||||
Multi-generation household | −0.086 | 0.058 | 0.014 | −0.097 | ** | 0.062 | 0.034 | 0.010 | 0.065 | * | 0.033 | 0.109 | *** | |||||||
Variance-covariances | ||||||||||||||||||||
Var(U 1) | 0.158 | ** | 0.230 | *** | 0.231 | *** | 0.276 | *** | 0.274 | *** | 0.143 | *** | 0.233 | *** | 0.266 | *** | 0.259 | *** | 0.363 | *** |
Var(U 2) | 0.362 | *** | 0.196 | *** | 0.196 | *** | 0.180 | *** | 0.201 | *** | 0.246 | *** | 0.203 | *** | 0.203 | *** | 0.186 | *** | 0.210 | *** |
Var(U 3) | 0.275 | *** | 0.236 | *** | 0.209 | *** | 0.159 | *** | 0.188 | *** | 0.148 | *** | 0.177 | *** | 0.129 | *** | 0.156 | ** | 0.464 | *** |
Cov(U 1, ε) | −0.241 | −0.284 | *** | −0.332 | *** | −0.380 | *** | −0.381 | *** | 0.010 | −0.329 | *** | −0.402 | *** | −0.391 | *** | 0.516 | *** | ||
Cov(U 2, ε) | −0.300 | *** | −0.245 | *** | −0.279 | *** | −0.292 | *** | −0.319 | *** | 0.142 | *** | −0.264 | *** | −0.293 | *** | −0.271 | *** | 0.292 | *** |
Cov(U 3, ε) | −0.461 | *** | −0.374 | *** | −0.271 | *** | −0.162 | ** | −0.243 | *** | −0.103 | −0.255 | ** | −0.085 | 0.139 | 0.619 | *** | |||
Likelihood | −6266.7 | −12476.5 | −11197.5 | −9426.8 | −8267.2 | −6923.4 | −17877.1 | −15364.5 | −13023.9 | −10944 |