From: The European Youth Guarantee: labor market context, conditions and opportunities in Italy
Scandinavian | Central-European | Anglo-Saxon | South-European | East.European | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Educational system model | Sequential | Dual | Sequential | Sequential | Sequesntial, except for some countries which follow the dual system (Hungary and some South-European countries) |
Mobility between curricula | Rigid | Very rigid and segmented school track | Flexible, both at the school and at the university level | Flexible in principle, but rigid in practice | Rigid |
Education attainment | High shares of secondary and tertiary education attainment | High shares of secondary and tertiary education attainment | High shares of secondary andtertiary education attainment | Low education attainment | High, but with some exceptions |
ALMP | Very common for every young NEET | Common as a last resort after high vocational and professional school | Last resort, to be used only if leading quickly to work | Marginal and underdeveloped, | Marginal in most countries |
PES (see Table 2) | Relatively efficient, well-endowed in terms of resources, based on the Ghent model | Strong presence of the unions, integrated with the school system, relatively efficient | Centrally managed, little role of trade unions, principle of horizontal subsidiarity | Decentralized, lack of coordination, insufficient resources | Relatively inefficient, insufficient resources |
PLMP | Unemployment benefits for a limited period of time and awarded on a contractual basis, linked to some program, plus means-tested income support after a year, awarded by PES as based on the Ghent model | Similar to Scadinavian countries, | Similar to the Scandinavian countries, but state-based | Unemployment benefits but no means-tested income support | Unemployment benefits and means-tested income support in some countries |
Role of the family | Marginal | Marginal | Marginal | Central | Marginal except for the South-East-European countries and the |
EPL (based on the OECD assessment) | Rigid, but becoming slowly more flexible | Rigid, but becoming slowly more flexible | Very flexible | Rigid, but with two-tier reforms | Quite flexible, with two tier reforms |