Table 3 Estimates for public education spending per (FTE) student with policy commitment

Specification

(7)

(8)

(9)

(10)

Δlog (spending per student, FTE, at ISCED 0–1) [eq1]

 Δlog (ULC)

1.04***

1.02***

1.01***

1.04***

(5.29)

(5.27)

(4.70)

(5.22)

 Δlog (real GDP per capita)

0.65***

0.57***

0.42**

0.62***

(3.57)

(3.16)

(2.03)

(3.36)

 Δlog (pupil/teacher ratio) (−1)

−0.03

−0.05

0.01

−0.02

(−0.22)

(−0.44)

(0.05)

(−0.18)

 Δlog (share of capital expenditure) (−1)

0.05

0.06*

0.05*

0.05

(1.57)

(1.83)

(1.66)

(1.52)

 Δlog (share of teachers’ wages expenditure) (−1)

0.37**

0.40**

0.46**

0.37*

(2.00)

(2.15)

(2.27)

(1.93)

 [log(ESL) – X] (−1)

−0.02

0.09*

−0.02

(−0.29)

(1.73)

(−0.76)

 Constant

3.29***

3.07***

−15.93

3.12***

(3.73)

(3.75)

(−1.35)

(3.62)

Δlog (spending per student, FTE, at ISCED 2–4) [eq2]

 Δlog (ULC)

0.65***

0.65***

0.48**

0.63***

(3.01)

(2.97)

(2.08)

(2.91)

 Δlog (real GDP per capita)

0.61***

0.60***

0.51**

0.63***

(3.06)

(2.93)

(2.26)

(3.12)

 Δlog (pupil/teacher ratio) (−1)

−0.24*

−0.26*

−0.29**

−0.24*

(−1.73)

(−1.86)

(−2.03)

(−1.73)

 Δlog (share of capital expenditure) (−1)

0.03

0.03

0.03

0.03

(0.72)

(0.84)

(0.75)

(0.72)

 Δlog (share of teachers’ wages expenditure) (−1)

0.44**

0.42**

0.53**

0.43*

(2.09)

(1.97)

(2.38)

(2.03)

 [log(ESL) – X] (−1)

0.05

−0.04

0.03

(0.65)

(0.77)

(0.86)

 Constant

3.05***

3.04***

12.56

3.20***

(3.34)

(3.28)

(0.98)

(3.41)

Δlog (spending per student, FTE, at ISCED 5–6) [eq3]

 Δlog (ULC)

0.82***

0.77***

0.77***

0.75***

(3.88)

(3.69)

(3.37)

(3.57)

 Δlog (real GDP per capita)

0.49**

0.48**

0.54**

0.49**

(2.48)

(2.45)

(2.40)

(2.50)

 Δlog (share of capital expenditure) (−1)

0.06*

0.06*

0.05

0.06*

(1.65)

(1.83)

(1.52)

(1.71)

 Δlog (share of teachers’ wages expenditure) (−1)

0.47**

0.48**

0.53**

0.45**

(2.23)

(2.35)

(2.38)

(2.19)

 [log(ESL) – X] (−1)

−0.01

−0.11*

0.01

(−0.01)

(−1.93)

(0.42)

 Constant

0.90

0.96

23.31

0.97

(1.00)

(1.09)

(1.81)

(1.07)

Δlog (general spending per capita) [eq4]

 Δlog (ULC)

0.70***

0.69***

0.69***

0.69***

(6.96)

(6.83)

(6.86)

(6.86)

 Δlog (real GDP per capita)

0.47***

0.46***

0.46***

0.46***

(5.05)

(4.85)

(4.95)

(4.95)

 Constant

2.31***

2.25***

2.27***

2.27***

(5.36)

(5.21)

(5.27)

(5.27)

Observations

206

200

203

203

R ² [eq1]

0.22

0.23

0.31

0.22

R ² [eq2]

0.14

0.14

0.26

0.14

R ² [eq3]

0.15

0.15

0.23

0.14

R ² [eq4]

0.27

0.26

0.26

0.26

AIC

5774.34

5591.05

5755.20

5693.97

BIC

5840.90

5666.91

6060.01

5770.17

Country dummies

No

No

Yes

No

Breusch-Pagan test of independence stat. (p-val.)

38.23 (0.00)

32.98 (0.00)

36.23 (0.00)

37.70 (0.00)