From: An empirical inquiry into the determinants of public education spending in Europe
SUR estimates for the model specifications: | Extended & GDP per capita | Extended & GDP per capita | Extended & GDP per capita | Extended & GDP per capita |
---|---|---|---|---|
Specification | (4.i) | (4.ii) | (7.i) | (7.ii) |
Δlog (spending per student, FTE, at ISCED 0–1) [eq1] | ||||
Δlog (ULC) | 0.95*** | 0.88*** | 0.96*** | 0.88*** |
(4.61) | (3.93) | (4.65) | (3.94) | |
Δlog (real GDP per capita) | 0.55*** | 0.90*** | 0.56*** | 0.92*** |
(2.83) | (3.32) | (2.87) | (3.37) | |
Δlog (pupil/teacher ratio) (−1) | −0.11 | −0.09 | −0.02 | −0.03 |
(−0.82) | (−0.66) | (−0.16) | (−0.27) | |
Δlog (share of capital expenditure) (−1) | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 |
(1.67) | (1.59) | (1.74) | (1.62) | |
Δlog (share of teachers’ wages expenditure) (−1) | 0.53*** | 0.36* | 0.44** | 0.31 |
(2.64) | (1.83) | (2.25) | (1.62) | |
Constant | 8.16** | 2.78 | 8.03** | 2.90 |
(2.53) | (0.75) | (2.49) | (0.78) | |
Δlog (spending per student, FTE, at ISCED 2–4) [eq2] | ||||
Δlog (ULC) | 0.47** | 0.42* | 0.48** | 0.43* |
(2.15) | (1.74) | (2.17) | (1.74) | |
Δlog (real GDP per capita) | 0.49** | 0.82*** | 0.49** | 0.83*** |
(2.38) | (2.76) | (2.40) | (2.78) | |
Δlog (pupil/teacher ratio) (−1) | −0.36** | −0.26** | −0.31** | −0.23* |
(−2.54) | (−1.78) | (−2.23) | (−1.65) | |
Δlog (share of capital expenditure) (−1) | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.01 |
(1.07) | (0.35) | (1.08) | (0.35) | |
Δlog (share of teachers’ wages expenditure) (−1) | 0.54** | 0.44** | 0.49** | 0.43** |
(2.51) | (2.08) | (2.31) | (1.99) | |
Constant | 7.11** | −0.89 | 7.04** | −0.84 |
(2.08) | (−0.22) | (2.06) | (−0.21) | |
Δlog (spending per student, FTE, at ISCED 5–6) [eq3] | ||||
Δlog (ULC) | 0.86*** | 0.77*** | 0.86*** | 0.77*** |
(3.81) | (3.15) | (3.81) | (3.15) | |
Δlog (real GDP per capita) | 0.45** | 0.72** | 0.45** | 0.72** |
(2.12) | (2.46) | (2.12) | (2.46) | |
Δlog (share of capital expenditure) (−1) | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.04 |
(1.60) | (1.22) | (1.60) | (1.22) | |
Δlog (share of teachers’ wages expenditure) (−1) | 0.53** | 0.53** | 0.54** | 0.53** |
(2.42) | (2.48) | (2.47) | (2.48) | |
Constant | 1.59 | −0.45 | 1.59 | −0.45 |
(0.45) | (−0.11) | (0.45) | (−0.11) | |
Δlog (general govt. spending per capita) [eq4] | ||||
Δlog (ULC) | 0.69*** | 0.53*** | ||
(6.30) | (4.67) | |||
Δlog (real GDP per capita) | 0.43*** | 0.71*** | ||
(4.25) | (5.24) | |||
Constant | 2.92* | 3.96** | ||
(1.70) | (2.08) | |||
Observations | 206 | 206 | 206 | 206 |
R 2 [eq1] | 0.28 | 0.31 | 0.27 | 0.31 |
R 2 [eq2] | 0.24 | 0.22 | 0.24 | 0.22 |
R 2 [eq3] | 0.18 | 0.22 | 0.18 | 0.22 |
R 2 [eq4] | 0.29 | 0.37 | ||
AIC | 4567.29 | 4564.37 | 5799.84 | 5779.91 |
BIC | 4723.70 | 4730.77 | 5999.51 | 5992.89 |
Country dummies for selected countries | Yes | - | Yes | - |
Joint Wald-type test for dummies (at 5%) | eq2 | eq2 | ||
Year dummies | - | Yes | - | Yes |
Joint Wald-type test for dummies (at 5%) | eq1 | eq1 | ||
Breusch-Pagan test of independence stat. (p-val.) | 22.11 (0.00) | 19.49 (0.00) | 38.15 (0.00) | 30.34 (0.00) |