Table 2 Means of selected variables (by year and groups)
From: Did tuition fees in Germany constrain students’ budgets? New evidence from a natural experiment
2006 | 2009 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Means | P value of the ttest/chi-squared independence test | Means | P value of the ttest/chi-squared independence test | |||
Control group | Treatment group | Control group | Treatment group | |||
Outcome variables | ||||||
Expenditure (in EUR) | 631.53 | 646.17 | 0.003 | 645.82 | 650.43 | 0.369 |
Expenditure for the rent | 218.29 | 223.85 | 0.030 | 236.02 | 229.38 | 0.013 |
Expenditure for food | 133.06 | 136.45 | 0.022 | 144.50 | 142.64 | 0.223 |
Expenditure for clothes | 47.09 | 50.99 | 0.000 | 47.36 | 52.16 | 0.000 |
Expenditure for learning materials | 33.23 | 33.95 | 0.219 | 30.75 | 32.46 | 0.003 |
Expenditure for a car | 57.48 | 55.49 | 0.194 | 42.67 | 46.12 | 0.016 |
Expenditure for public transport | 19.94 | 22.03 | 0.000 | 23.38 | 24.19 | 0.212 |
Expenditure for medical insurance, medical fees | 32.25 | 28.85 | 0.000 | 36.73 | 35.66 | 0.254 |
Fees for telephone, internet | 38.10 | 37.32 | 0.118 | 30.53 | 29.82 | 0.107 |
Expenditure for leisure, culture, and sports | 52.11 | 57.24 | 0.000 | 53.88 | 58.02 | 0.000 |
Weekly working hours | 6.53 | 6.36 | 0.303 | 7.68 | 7.58 | 0.551 |
Financial support by parents or a partner | 0.884 | 0.898 | 0.008 | 0.865 | 0.91 | 0.000 |
Financial support by parents | 0.77 | 0.80 | 0.000 | 0.75 | 0.79 | 0.000 |
Taking out a loan or special credit for paying tuition fees | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.973 | 0.03 | 0.11 | 0.000 |
Control variables | ||||||
Male | 0.41 | 0.41 | 0.751 | 0.41 | 0.42 | 0.111 |
Foreign citizenship | 0.98 | 0.97 | 0.001 | 0.98 | 0.97 | 0.200 |
Having siblings | 0.85 | 0.87 | 0.000 | 0.85 | 0.86 | 0.183 |
Number of semesters in university | 6.93 | 6.41 | 0.000 | 7.21 | 6.68 | 0.000 |
Age (in years) | 23.91 | 23.63 | 0.000 | 23.87 | 23.58 | 0.000 |
Apprenticeship before studying | 0.24 | 0.22 | 0.002 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.821 |
Father’s position in the job | ||||||
Not employed | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.000 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.000 |
Low (reference) | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | ||
Medium | 0.52 | 0.46 | 0.52 | 0.48 | ||
High | 0.39 | 0.46 | 0.39 | 0.44 | ||
Mother’s position in the job | ||||||
Not employed | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.000 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.041 |
Low (reference) | 0.07 | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.09 | ||
Medium | 0.68 | 0.65 | 0.67 | 0.67 | ||
High | 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.22 | ||
Subgroup categories | ||||||
Father university degree | 0.44 | 0.44 | 0.685 | 0.44 | 0.45 | 0.230 |
Mother university degree | 0.34 | 0.29 | 0.000 | 0.36 | 0.30 | 0.000 |
Additional variables | ||||||
Income (incl. payments of parents or a partner to third parties) (in EUR) | 723.22 | 743.53 | 0.000 | 766.08 | 780.05 | 0.020 |
Living at the parents’ house | 0.21 | 0.23 | 0.000 | 0.19 | 0.26 | 0.000 |
Living alone | 0.18 | 0.16 | 0.21 | 0.15 | ||
Living in a shared flat | 0.49 | 0.45 | 0.52 | 0.43 | ||
Living in a student dormitory | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.13 | ||
Number of observations | 5,755 | 7,618 | 5,494 | 6,494 | ||