Did tuition fees in Germany constrain students’ budgets? New evidence from a natural experiment

IZA Journal of European Labor Studies

Table 4 Difference-in-differences estimates (log. of different types of expenditure, 2006 and 2009)

Expenditure for		Pooled		Men		Women
		Raw	With covariates	Raw	With covariates	Raw	With covariates
Total	Coeff.	−0.032**	−0.035***	−0.010	−0.018	−0.047***	−0.047***
Total	S.E.	(0.013)	(0.013)	(0.021)	(0.020)	(0.017)	(0.016)
Rent	Coeff.	−0.384***	−0.382***	−0.323***	−0.327***	−0.423***	−0.418***
Rent	S.E.	(0.042)	(0.041)	(0.069)	(0.069)	(0.051)	(0.051)
Food	Coeff.	−0.069**	−0.068**	−0.046	−0.052	−0.087**	−0.080**
Food	S.E.	(0.030)	(0.029)	(0.047)	(0.047)	(0.038)	(0.037)
Clothes	Coeff.	0.058*	0.051*	0.086*	0.077	0.044	0.036
Clothes	S.E.	(0.031)	(0.031)	(0.051)	(0.051)	(0.037)	(0.038)
Learning materials	Coeff.	−0.024	−0.032	−0.005	−0.012	−0.034	−0.046
Learning materials	S.E.	(0.029)	(0.029)	(0.048)	(0.048)	(0.036)	(0.036)
Car	Coeff.	0.154***	0.119**	0.157*	0.101	0.145**	0.127*
Car	S.E.	(0.058)	(0.057)	(0.093)	(0.091)	(0.073)	(0.072)
Public transport	Coeff.	−0.078*	−0.031	0.072	0.130*	−0.181***	−0.146***
Public transport	S.E.	(0.043)	(0.043)	(0.067)	(0.067)	(0.056)	(0.055)
Medical insurance, medical fees	Coeff.	0.091*	0.081*	0.157**	0.118*	0.049	0.049
Medical insurance, medical fees	S.E.	(0.049)	(0.044)	(0.078)	(0.070)	(0.061)	(0.056)
Fees for telephone, internet	Coeff.	−0.030	−0.049	0.032	0.001	−0.072*	−0.082**
Fees for telephone, internet	S.E.	(0.032)	(0.031)	(0.052)	(0.052)	(0.040)	(0.039)
Leisure, culture, sports	Coeff.	−0.058	−0.074**	0.035	0.015	−0.124***	−0.135***
Leisure, culture, sports	S.E.	(0.036)	(0.036)	(0.060)	(0.061)	(0.045)	(0.045)
No. of observations		25,361	25,361	10,445	10,445	14,916	14,916

Note: difference-in-differences estimates are displayed (obtained from ordinary least square estimations with the logarithm of different expenditure as dependent variable). Next to the difference-in-differences estimate, the model includes a dummy variable for the treatment group and a dummy variable for 2009 (after the reform) as well as controls for socio-demographic background variables (gender, citizenship, indicator for having siblings, age, age squared), studying time (in semesters), studying time squared, a dummy variable that indicates whether the student has completed an apprenticeship before studying, dummy variables for the parents’ position in their job, and dummy variables for federal states. * denotes statistical significance at the 10% level, ** at the 5% level and *** at the 1% level. See text for further details. Source: 18th and 19th Social Survey of the DZHW, own calculations