Did tuition fees in Germany constrain students’ budgets? New evidence from a natural experiment

IZA Journal of European Labor Studies

Table 5 Difference-in-differences estimates for different subgroups (log. of total expenditure, 2006 and 2009)

Sample		Pooled		Men		Women
		Raw	With covariates	Raw	With covariates	Raw	With covariates
Total	Coeff.	−0.032**	−0.035***	−0.010	−0.018	−0.047***	−0.047***
	S.E.	(0.013)	(0.013)	(0.021)	(0.020)	(0.017)	(0.016)
	No. of obs.	25,361	25,361	10,445	10,445	14,916	14,916
Parents have no tertiary education	Coeff.	−0.021	−0.025	0.029	0.019	−0.056**	−0.057**
	S.E.	(0.020)	(0.019)	(0.031)	(0.029)	(0.025)	(0.024)
	No. of obs.	12,230	12,230	5095	5095	7135	7135
Parents have tertiary education	Coeff.	−0.041**	−0.042**	−0.042	−0.048*	−0.041*	−0.040*
	S.E.	(0.018)	(0.017)	(0.029)	(0.028)	(0.023)	(0.022)
	No. of obs.	13,051	13,051	5317	5317	7734	7734
Parents with low position in the job	Coeff.	−0.091**	−0.095**	−0.056	−0.069	−0.121**	−0.118**
	S.E.	(0.040)	(0.039)	(0.064)	(0.063)	(0.052)	(0.049)
	No. of obs.	2797	2797	1180	1180	1617	1617
Parents with high position in the job	Coeff.	−0.045**	−0.049***	−0.035	−0.046	−0.053**	−0.054**
	S.E.	(0.019)	(0.018)	(0.030)	(0.029)	(0.025)	(0.024)
	No. of obs.	12,815	12,815	5,300	5,300	7,515	7,515

Note:Difference-in-differences estimates are displayed obtained from ordinary least squares estimations. The dependent variable is the logarithm of expenditure. Specification 1 includes only the difference-in-differences estimate, a dummy variable for the treatment group, and a dummy variable for 2009 (after the reform). Specification 2 controls for socio-demographic background variables (gender, citizenship, indicator for having siblings, age, age squared), studying time (in semesters), studying time squared, a dummy variable that indicates whether the student has completed an apprenticeship before studying, dummy variables for the parents’ position in their job, and dummy variables for federal states. Effects are calculated for different subgroups. * denotes statistical significance at the 10% level, ** at the 5% level and *** at the 1% level. See text for further details. Source: 18th and 19th Social Survey of the DZHW, own calculations