Did tuition fees in Germany constrain students’ budgets? New evidence from a natural experiment

IZA Journal of European Labor Studies

Table 6 Difference-in-differences estimates (further outcomes, 2006 and 2009)

		Pooled		Men		Women
		Raw	With covariates	Raw	With covariates	Raw	With covariates
Weekly working hours	Coeff.	0.078	−0.032	−0.181	−0.289	0.270	0.171
	S.E.	(0.239)	(0.228)	(0.390)	(0.371)	(0.300)	(0.288)
	No. of obs.	25,174	25,174	10,400	10,400	14,774	14,774
Financial support from parents or a partner	Coeff.	0.032***	0.033***	0.038***	0.037***	0.028***	0.029***
	S.E.	(0.008)	(0.008)	(0.013)	(0.012)	(0.010)	(0.010)
	No. of obs.	25,696	25,696	10,620	10,620	15,076	15,076
Financial resources from parents (log)	Coeff.	0.003	0.000	0.023	−0.012	−0.008	−0.000
	S.E.	(0.060)	(0.055)	(0.094)	(0.086)	(0.077)	(0.071)
	No. of obs.	25,413	25,413	10,493	10,493	14,920	14,920
Taking out a loan (incl. loan for tuition fees)	Coeff.	0.080***	0.079***	0.083***	0.081***	0.078***	0.078***
	S.E.	(0.005)	(0.005)	(0.009)	(0.009)	(0.007)	(0.007)
	No. of obs.	25,418	25,418	10,495	10,495	14,923	14,923

Note: difference-in-differences estimates are displayed obtained from ordinary least squares estimations for the following outcome variables: weekly working hours, receiving financial support from the parents or a partner (yes/no, support in cash, payments to third parties and contribution to paying tuition fees), logarithm of financial resources from the parents (in cash), taking out a loan (incl. special loan for tuition fees, yes/no). Specification 1 includes only the difference-in-differences estimate, a dummy variable for the treatment group, and a dummy variable for 2009 (after the reform). Specification 2 controls for socio-demographic background variables (gender, citizenship, indicator for having siblings, age, age squared), studying time (in semesters), studying time squared, a dummy variable that indicates whether the student has completed an apprenticeship before studying, dummy variables for the parents’ position in their job, and dummy variables for federal states. * denotes statistical significance at the 10% level, ** at the 5% level and *** at the 1% level. See text for further details. Source: 18th and 19th Social Survey of the DZHW, own calculations