Fig. 3

Participation tax, 2001–2013 OECD countries. Source: The graphs plot the participation tax (t) for countries split into three groups (increased 3 pct. points, unchanged, decreased 3 pct. points over the sample period). The participation tax is adopted from the OECD and here for single average production workers. The consumption tax is computed as the ratio of all taxes less subsidies on products relative to total private consumption. The plotted participation thus includes all forms of taxes and the relevant benefits (but no supplementary benefits like e.g. housing allowances). Data: www.oecd-ilibrary.org