Table 4 Probit model employment determinants. Estimated marginal effects in % points, by country and sex (1997–2006)

 Intercept (α ₁)

89.0***

91.9***

83.9***

88.1***

92.1***

94.5***

  50–54 (β _2,1)

−13.7***

−14.3***

−0.4*

−7.9***

−9.2***

−13.3***

  55–59 (β _3,1)

−34.7***

−45.7***

−19.6***

−41.5***

−25.1***

−39.9***

  60–64 (β _4,1)

−65.5***

−72.5***

−59.5***

−78.6***

−58.3***

−74.7***

  Medium (γ _2,1)

−15.7***

−10.6***

−10.0***

−5.7***

−10.4***

−6.3***

  Low (γ _2,1)

−35.8***

−27.8***

−22.3***

−17.0***

−28.3***

−18.4***

  Abroad (δ _2,1)

−14.9***

−18.2***

−11.0***

−8.4***

−12.6***

−25.4***

  Married (η _2,1)

−4.3***

10.2***

−1.6***

10.5***

−12.9***

8.4***

  Widow (η _3,1)

−2.9***

3.1***

2.6***

4.0***

−13.0***

−0.5

 2002–2006 \( \left({\tilde{\alpha}}_2\right) \)

−0.5

−0.5

0.9***

1.7***

0.2

0.7

  50–54 \( \left({\tilde{\beta}}_{2,2}\right) \)

5.0***

4.3***

1.2***

1.7***

2.9***

3.3***

  55–59 \( \left({\tilde{\beta}}_{3,2}\right) \)

3.3***

7.3***

3.6***

4.3***

2.6***

9.5***

  60–64 \( \left({\tilde{\beta}}_{4,2}\right) \)

3.3***

3.3***

0.5

2.8***

2.2***

3.5***

  Medium \( \left({\tilde{\gamma}}_{2,2}\right) \)

1.4**

0.5

1.2***

−0.8**

0.6

0.3

  Low \( \left({\tilde{\gamma}}_{3,2}\right) \)

2.0**

1.0

1.0**

−0.7

1.7***

4.2***

  Abroad \( \left({\tilde{\delta}}_{2,2}\right) \)

−0.9

2.2**

−0.3

1.4***

−1.4**

5.7***

  Married \( \left({\tilde{\eta}}_{2,2}\right) \)

2.4***

−1.0***

0.5*

−1.2***

6.5***

−0.5**

  Widow \( \left({\tilde{\eta}}_{3,2}\right) \)

3.0***

1.1

−0.6**

−0.1

8.2***

0.7

  # obs. (×1000)

151.7

146.4

511.4

480.1

375.6

365.2