Do bilateral social security agreements deliver on the portability of pensions and health care benefits? A summary policy paper on four migration corridors between EU and non-EU member states

IZA Journal of European Labor Studies

Table 2 Global migrant stock estimates by origin country income group and portability regime, 2000

Origin country income group	Regime I (portability)	Regime II^a (exportability)	Regime III^b (no access)	Regime IV^c (informal)	Total
Low-income countries (number)	850,985	36,720,832	5,293,338	10,757,086	53,622,241
% of total	2	68	10	20	100
Lower-middle-income countries (number)	11,312,511	47,224,671	3,476,163	14,473,805	76,487,150
% of total	15	62	5	19	100
Upper-middle-income countries (number)	3,521,212	10,724,671	189,357	7,203,975	21,639,215
% of total	16	50	1	33	100
Non-Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) high-income countries (number)	2,063,914	3,534,415	192,987	57,809	5,849,125
% of total	35	60	3	1	100
OECD high-income countries (number)	24,778,310	3,658,850	291,007	189,802	28,917,969
% of total	86	13	1	1	100
Total (number)	42,526,932	101,863,439	9,442,852	32,682,476	186,515,699

Source: Holzmann and Koettl 2015, based on Avato et al. 2010 and Holzmann et al. 2005
^aLegal migrants with access to social security in the host country in the absence of a bilateral or multilateral arrangement
^bLegal migrants without access to social security in their host country
^cUndocumented immigrants