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Table 1 ADF, Phillips-Perron and KPSS test statistics

From: The impact of easy and early access to old-age benefits on exits from the labour market: a macro-micro analysis

Variable

Test statistics

ADF

Phillips-Perron

KPSS

 

I(1) vs. I(2)

Male participation rate 45–64

−7.760

−7.760

0.126

Male participation rate 45+

−6.422

−6.453

0.077

Female participation rate 45–59

−5.546

−5.704

0.606

Female participation rate 45+

−7.980

−8.044

0.208

Male discouraged worker rate 45–64

−7.729

−7.857

0.076

Male discouraged worker rate 45+

−8.141

−8.361

0.091

Female discouraged worker rate 45–59

−6.754

−6.754

0.068

Female discouraged worker rate 45+

−6.491

−6.491

0.084

GDP

−5.533a

−3.129

0.171

Unemployment rate

−2.131

−3.989

0.167

 

I(0) vs. I(1)

Male participation rate 45–64

−0.260

−0.217

0.868

Male participation rate 45+

−0.956

−1.294

0.618

Female participation rate 45–59

1.031

0.449

0.384

Female participation rate 45+

−1.688

−1.613

0.217

Male discouraged worker rate 45–64

−2.524

−2.524

0.148

Male discouraged worker rate 45+

−2.682

−2.696

0.141

Female discouraged worker rate 45–59

−1.709

−1.773

0.578

Female discouraged worker rate 45+

−1.595

−1.702

0.385

GDP

0.538

0.280

0.895

Unemployment rate

−1.320

−0.829

0.661

  1. The tests for hypothesis I(0) vs. I(1) include the intercept in the test equation. The ADF and Phillips-Perron tests for hypothesis I(1) vs. I(2) assume no constant in the test equation. The KPSS test for hypothesis I(1) vs. I(2) includes the intercept in the test equation
  2. aThe test equation includes the intercept
  3. Source: authors’ calculations; data sources: LFS and Central Statistical Office Poland